High Frequency PCB

• Communication infrastructure: Antennas, power amplifiers, filters, and low-noise amplifiers for 5G/6G base stations.
• Automotive electronics: millimeter-wave radar, advanced driver assistance systems, in-vehicle satellite communication.
• Aerospace and national defense: radar systems, electronic warfare equipment, satellite communication terminals, seeker heads.
• High-speed computing and data communication: High-speed server/router backplanes, optical modules, 400G/800G switches.
• Test and measurement instruments: network analyzer, high-frequency oscilloscope, signal source.

▶ Precise impedance control
• The core of high-frequency PCBS needs to control the characteristic impedance (such as 50Ω single-ended impedance, 100Ω differential impedance), with the deviation being ≤±5% (±10% for ordinary PCBS).
• Impedance calculation: It is necessary to combine the base material Dk, plate thickness, line width/line spacing, and copper foil thickness. It can be simulated through professional software (such as Polar SI9000). • Example: RO4350B substrate (thickness 0.254mm), with a single-ended impedance of 50Ω corresponding to a line width of approximately 0.8mm.
• Impedance compensation: Considering the influence of etching side etching and solder mask coverage, a compensation amount of ±0.02mm should be reserved for the line width.

▶ Routing optimization
• Reduce transmission loss
• The traces should be as short and straight as possible, avoiding right angles or acute angles (which are prone to reflection at high frequencies), and the radius of the fillet should be no less than 0.5mm.
• Differential traces should be of equal length and spacing (length difference ≤5mil), and ground wrapping treatment should be carried out (the distance between the ground wire and the differential wire should be ≤2 times the line width) to reduce EMI interference.
• Skin effect response: High-frequency current is concentrated on the surface of the copper foil. Silver-plated copper foil can be used (to reduce surface resistance), or the traces can be widened (to reduce current density).

▶  Grounding and shielding design
• Complete ground layer: High-frequency PCBS need to be designed with a complete ground Plane (GND Plane) to avoid ground layer segmentation and reduce the length of the signal return path. The distance between the ground layer and the signal layer should be no more than 0.2mm to enhance coupling and reduce impedance.
• Shielding measures: For sensitive high-frequency areas (such as RF chips), metal shielding covers can be designed. The grounding of the shielding cover must be reliable (multiple grounding points, spacing ≤λ/20, where λ is the signal wavelength).
• Heat dissipation and packaging compatibility
• High-frequency devices (such as power amplifiers) generate a large amount of heat, so heat dissipation pads and metallized via arrays (via diameter ≥0.3mm, spacing ≤1mm) need to be designed to enhance heat dissipation.
• Device packaging: Prioritize miniaturized and low-parasitic parameter packaging (such as QFN, LGA) to reduce signal reflection introduced by the packaging.

▶  Precision control
• Line width/line spacing tolerance: ≤±0.01mm (±0.02mm for ordinary PCBS), using high-precision laser direct imaging (LDI) technology to replace traditional film exposure.
• Lamination accuracy: Interlayer alignment deviation ≤0.02mm, avoiding impedance offset; The bonding temperature and pressure need to match the characteristics of the base material (for example, PTFE base materials require high-temperature and high-pressure bonding).

▶  Loss control
• Etching process: Micro-etching technology is adopted to reduce the surface roughness of the copper foil and avoid increasing transmission loss. The lateral erosion is ≤0.01mm.
• Surface treatment: Electroless nickel gold plating (ENIG) or silver plating is preferred to avoid OSP (organic film increases contact resistance). The thickness of the gold layer should be ≤0.1μm. If it is too thick, it will easily increase the loss.

▶  Core summary
• The core of high-frequency PCBS lies in "reducing signal loss, ensuring precise impedance, and minimizing electromagnetic interference". It requires full-process control from "low-loss substrate selection → precise impedance design → high-precision manufacturing". For different high-frequency scenarios (such as 1GHz vs 60GHz), the substrate and process parameters need to be adjusted specifically.